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Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (; July 10, 1851 – July 22, 1926) was an early (so-called "first generation") economist of the Austrian School of economics. Born in Vienna, the son of Privy Councillor Leopold von Wieser, a high official in the war ministry, he first trained in sociology and law. In 1872, the year he took his degree, he encountered Austrian-school founder Carl Menger's ''Grundsätze'' and switched his interest to economic theory.〔Joseph A. Schumpeter, ''Ten Great Economists From Marx to Keynes'', 1951, Appendix 2, page 298, reprinted from ''The Economic Journal'', vol. xxxvii, no. 146, June 1927.〕 Wieser held posts at the universities of Vienna and Prague until succeeding Menger in Vienna in 1903, where, with brother-in-law Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, he shaped the next generation of Austrian economists including Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek and Joseph Schumpeter in the late 1890s and early 20th century. He became Austrian finance minister in 1917. Wieser is renowned for two main works, ''Natural Value'',〔''Der Natürliche Werth'', 1889; ''Natural Value'', 1893, translated into English by Christian A. Malloch, edited with an introduction by William Smart.〕 which carefully details the alternative-cost doctrine and the theory of imputation, and his ''(Social Economics )'' (1914), an ambitious attempt to apply it to the real world. His explanation of marginal utility theory was decisive, at least terminologically: It was his term ドイツ語:''Grenznutzen'' (building on von Thünen's ''Grenzkosten'') that developed into the standard term, "marginal utility," not William Stanley Jevons's "final degree of utility" or Menger's "value." His use of the modifier "natural" indicates that he regarded value as a "natural category" that would pertain to any society, no matter what institutions of property had been established.〔Mark Blaug, ''Great Economists Before Keynes'', 1986, page 280.〕 The economic calculation debate started with his notion of the paramount importance of accurate calculation to economic efficiency. Prices to him represented, above all, information about market conditions, and are thus necessary for any sort of economic activity. A socialist economy, therefore, would require a price system in order to operate. He also stressed the importance of the entrepreneur to economic change, which he saw as being brought about by “the heroic intervention of individual men who appear as leaders toward new economic shores.” This idea of leadership was later taken up by Joseph Schumpeter in his treatment of economic innovation. Unlike most other Austrian School economists, he rejected classical liberalism, writing that “freedom has to be superseded by a system of order.” This vision—and his general solution to the role of the individual in history—is best expressed in his final book, ''The Law of Power'', published in his last year of life, a sociological examination of political order. == Biography == Born in Vienna on July 10, 1851, Friedrich von Wieser spent his childhood and adolescence in the same city. He was interested since youth in law, history, and sociology. He studied law at the University of Vienna beginning in 1868.〔(Der Österreichische Wissenschaftskalender )〕 His lifelong passion for Political Economics was first ignited when he read Herbert Spencer's ドイツ語:''Einleitung in das Studium der Soziologie'' (Introduction to the Study of Sociology).〔 In 1875 Wieser, after ten years〔 of public service as a government employee, was awarded a scholarship to the University of Heidelberg, Germany, in order to study Political Economics with Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, a friend from his youth who later became his brother-in-law. Both men were disciples of Carl Menger, Wieser's senior by 11 years. Although neither Wieser nor Böhm-Bawerk studied under Menger directly, they were greatly influenced by reading Menger's ドイツ語:''Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre'' (Principles of Economics) (1871),〔 which was the work that had initially inspired the two men to study Political Economics.〔 The three are considered the first generation of the Austrian School of Economics.〔 After a successful postdoctoral habilitation in 1884, ドイツ語:''Über den Ursprung und die Hauptgesetze des wirthschaftlichen Werthes'' (On the Origin and the Main Laws of the Value of the Factors),〔 a prelude to his value theory, Dr. Wieser was named that same year as an associate professor at Charles University in Prague,〔 where he stayed until 1903 when he succeeded Carl Menger at the University of Vienna. In 1889 he was named ドイツ語:''ordentlicher Professor''〔 ("ordinary professor") at the University of Saint Charles. That same year, he also published his ドイツ語:''Der natürliche Werth'' (Natural Value), with which he initiated the debate on the value of factors of production, and from which are derived two of his major contributions: his value theory and the related imputation theory. Motivated by introducing the innovations of the Austrian School, in 1891 he published ドイツ語:''Die österreichische Schule und die Theorie Wert'' (The Austrian School and the Theory of value) and in 1892 ドイツ語:''Die Wert Theorie'' (''The Value Theory''). Later, he collaborated in other notable works, such as ドイツ語:''Die economic Wiederaufnahme Barzahlungen der in Österreich-Ungarn'' (''Resumption of payments species in Austria-Hungary'') in 1893 and ドイツ語:''Die Theorie der städtische Grundrente'' (''Theory of urban land rents'') in 1909. He also served as editor for two articles in the ''Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'': ドイツ語:''"Die österreichische Schule der Wirtschaft"'' (''The Austrian School of Economics''), and ドイツ語:"Böhm-Bawerk", both in 1884. In 1903, Wieser was awarded a chair at his alma mater, the University of Vienna, as a full professor, where he taught a new generation of outstanding economists, including Ludwig von Mises, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, and his most faithful disciple, Friedrich August von Hayek.〔 He developed a monetary theory inspired by the research of Carl Menger, and he applied himself during the following years to the problems of the quantity theory of money. In his last 25 years he dedicated himself to sociology, which he believed must go hand-in-hand with economics for the fullest understanding of human society. By combining these disciplines he was able to forge a new vision of economic policy. In 1911, he published ドイツ語:''Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalokonomie'' (''The nature and content of theoretical economics major national''), which preceded yet another major contribution: alternative cost (or opportunity cost) theory, which was drawn from his study ドイツ語:''Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft'' (''Theory of social economy''), published in 1914. It was here that he first coined the term "opportunity cost."〔 Also attributed to him is the creation of the term "marginal utility" (ドイツ語:''Grenznutzen''),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Die Österreichische nationalökonomische Schule, Lektorat Mag. Ines Wakolbinger )〕 due largely to the influence of Léon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto, both of the Lausanne School. This has led some scholars to not consider his later works as belonging to the Austrian School. Even Ludwig von Mises, his disciple, said in his autobiography, ''Memoirs'' (1978), that Wieser had misunderstood the gist of the subjectivism of the Austrian School and was actually a member of the Lausanne School.〔 But in both he also presents a clear methodological individualism and a rejection of historicism of the German school, so at first blush it is difficult to justify his exclusion from the Austrian School. In 1914, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk died, thus marking the end of a lifelong friendship and striking a hard blow to Wieser.〔 In 1917 Wieser was named a member of the Austrian House of Lords and granted the title of Baron. He was also appointed Minister of Commerce in the Austrian Cabinet,〔("The Historical Setting of the Austrian School of Economics" )〕 which post he held until the end of the First World War in 1918. However, his activity was hindered by Richard Riedl, Energy Minister and clear proponent of economic interventionism, leaving only matters of secondary importance to Wieser's jurisdiction. His last works were ドイツ語:''Das geschichtliche Werk der Gewalt'' (''The History of State Power'') in 1923 and, in 1926, an impressive sociological study titled ドイツ語:''Das Gesetz der Macht'' (''The Law of Power''). Friedrich von Wieser died on July 22, 1926 in Salzburg, where he is buried. Two of his hitherto unpublished works were published posthumously: ドイツ語:''Geld'' (''Money'') in 1927, which summarizes his monetary theory, and ドイツ語:''Gesammelte Abhandlungen'' (''Collected Papers'') in 1929. This latter book included a tribute resulting from the collaboration of renowned economists like Knut Wicksell, but it was censored during the Second World War. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Friedrich von Wieser」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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